the advantages and disadvantages of the 2 methods for preparing alcohol

	Advantages	Disadvantages
Fermentation	- raw materials used to make alcohol is sugar, it is a renewable resource	- the rate of making alcohol by fermentation is slow - batch production only manufactures a few alcohols at a time - the quality of fermented ethanol is impure
Industrially	- the rate of making industrial ethanol is faster than fermentation, however heat pressure is needed to speed up the manufacturing process. - Pure ethanol is obtained from catalytic hydration - The process is continuous, which produces more alcohol than fermenting it.	- Raw materials, ethene used in the process - is from oil, a finite resource.

3.4 I can recall the products of complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes

    1.     Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes
    2.        Small chain hydrocarbons are used as fuels

3.       The reaction is called combustion

4.       The word equation for  this chemical reaction is :

fuel (hydrocarbon) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

5.       If there is insufficient oxygen then the word equation is:

fuel (hydrocarbon) + insufficient oxygen→ carbon monoxide + water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

6.       The problem with this reaction is that ______________ is produced this gas is a ___________ to the human body (see objective 5.11)

7.       Where can you find incomplete combustion? cars and vehicles

8.       What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion?

9.       During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation

10.   Describe the two chemical tests for water

11.   Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas

12.   Describe a physical test for water

3.2 and 3.3 I can recall the general formula and displayed formulae of alkanes

What is the general formula for alkanes?	CnH2n+2
Describe and explain the trend in boiling point	The higher the boiling point going up the trend

 

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

3.1 I can explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism

Term	Definition	Example
Homologous series	a series of organic compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, but has different physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass	pentane and pentene
Hydrocarbon	A compound of hydrogen and carbon	petroleum and natural gas
Saturated hydrocarbon	simplest of hydrocarbon bonds, atoms joined together by single bonds	alkanes
Unsaturated hydrocarbon		alkenes
General formula
Isomerism

5.13 I can describe catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons

1.       What is the reaction call to distil crude oil	cracking
2.       How are the bigger molecules broken down	The bigger molecules are broken down by heating
3.       Crackling is an example of what decomposition reaction.	Thermal decomposition reaction
4.       Why are catalysts needed for cracking?	It speeds up the reaction
5.       What kind of hydrocarbons are in greater demand (e.g.________, _______)?	Smaller hydrocarbons are in greater demand ( e.g. petrol and petroleum gases)
6.       What gas is produced from cracking paraffin?	Ethene
7.       What happens when you test Ethene with a lighted splint?
8.       What is the catalyst for cracking paraffin?	Aluminum oxide

5.12 I can recall the problems associated with the frational distillation of crue oil

Read Chem4you P.145
a. when crude oil undergoes fractional distillation there are too many long chain hydrocarbons(eg. bitumen, lubricating oil)and produced not enough short chain hydrocarbons (eg. petrol gas, diesel)

b. To solve these problems, long chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called crackling

5.11 I can recall how nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines

a.    Write the general equation for the combustion of a fuel	Fuel + oxygen --à Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
b.      During combustion the nitrogen in air can react to form what gases?	Nitrogen oxide
c.       What condition is necessary for this reaction to take place?	High temperatures
d.      In what common object is this condition found?	cars and vehicles
e.      Why is this condition needed for nitrogen to react?	To break the inert bond (triple bond) of the nitrogen molecules.
f.        What are the dangers of the products from this reaction?	Acid rain is produced, can denature marbles.