the advantages and disadvantages of the 2 methods for preparing alcohol

	Advantages	Disadvantages
Fermentation	- raw materials used to make alcohol is sugar, it is a renewable resource	- the rate of making alcohol by fermentation is slow - batch production only manufactures a few alcohols at a time - the quality of fermented ethanol is impure
Industrially	- the rate of making industrial ethanol is faster than fermentation, however heat pressure is needed to speed up the manufacturing process. - Pure ethanol is obtained from catalytic hydration - The process is continuous, which produces more alcohol than fermenting it.	- Raw materials, ethene used in the process - is from oil, a finite resource.

3.4 I can recall the products of complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes

    1.     Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes
    2.        Small chain hydrocarbons are used as fuels

3.       The reaction is called combustion

4.       The word equation for  this chemical reaction is :

fuel (hydrocarbon) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

5.       If there is insufficient oxygen then the word equation is:

fuel (hydrocarbon) + insufficient oxygen→ carbon monoxide + water + ENERGY (heat, light, sound)

6.       The problem with this reaction is that ______________ is produced this gas is a ___________ to the human body (see objective 5.11)

7.       Where can you find incomplete combustion? cars and vehicles

8.       What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion?

9.       During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation

10.   Describe the two chemical tests for water

11.   Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas

12.   Describe a physical test for water

3.2 and 3.3 I can recall the general formula and displayed formulae of alkanes

What is the general formula for alkanes?	CnH2n+2
Describe and explain the trend in boiling point	The higher the boiling point going up the trend

 

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

3.1 I can explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism

Term	Definition	Example
Homologous series	a series of organic compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, but has different physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass	pentane and pentene
Hydrocarbon	A compound of hydrogen and carbon	petroleum and natural gas
Saturated hydrocarbon	simplest of hydrocarbon bonds, atoms joined together by single bonds	alkanes
Unsaturated hydrocarbon		alkenes
General formula
Isomerism

5.13 I can describe catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons

1.       What is the reaction call to distil crude oil	cracking
2.       How are the bigger molecules broken down	The bigger molecules are broken down by heating
3.       Crackling is an example of what decomposition reaction.	Thermal decomposition reaction
4.       Why are catalysts needed for cracking?	It speeds up the reaction
5.       What kind of hydrocarbons are in greater demand (e.g.________, _______)?	Smaller hydrocarbons are in greater demand ( e.g. petrol and petroleum gases)
6.       What gas is produced from cracking paraffin?	Ethene
7.       What happens when you test Ethene with a lighted splint?
8.       What is the catalyst for cracking paraffin?	Aluminum oxide

5.12 I can recall the problems associated with the frational distillation of crue oil

Read Chem4you P.145
a. when crude oil undergoes fractional distillation there are too many long chain hydrocarbons(eg. bitumen, lubricating oil)and produced not enough short chain hydrocarbons (eg. petrol gas, diesel)

b. To solve these problems, long chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called crackling

5.11 I can recall how nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines

a.    Write the general equation for the combustion of a fuel	Fuel + oxygen --à Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
b.      During combustion the nitrogen in air can react to form what gases?	Nitrogen oxide
c.       What condition is necessary for this reaction to take place?	High temperatures
d.      In what common object is this condition found?	cars and vehicles
e.      Why is this condition needed for nitrogen to react?	To break the inert bond (triple bond) of the nitrogen molecules.
f.        What are the dangers of the products from this reaction?	Acid rain is produced, can denature marbles.

5.10 I can recall the problems associated with incomplete combustion

What are the properties of carbon monoxide?	Colourless, odorless, toxic
Explain how carbon monoxide is formed	Incomplete combustion (insufficient amount of oxygen cannot turn all the carbon in hydrocarbon into carbon dioxide.
Explain why carbon monoxide is poisonous	Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.

5.9 I can describe the trend in boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions

a.     What is the trend in boiling point of the fractions?	The lower down the trend, the higher the boiling point
b.      Define viscosity (source your definition)	Measurement of the flow properties of a material expressed as its resistance to flow
c.       What is the trend in viscosity of the fractions?	The lower down the trend, the lower the viscosity
d.      What is the trend in colour of the fractions?	The lower down the trend, the darker the colour
e.      Why is crude oil separated into fractions?	Different fractions of the crude oil have different uses
f.        What process is used to separate crude oil into fractions?	Fractional distillation
g.       What physical property allows this process to work?	The different boiling points of the hydrocarbons to separate them in crude oil

5.8 I can recall the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil



Click here to see the answers
  petrolem gases
lubricating oil
heavy fuel oil
diesel
 kerosine
bitumen
petrol

Think of a mnemonic to help you remember the order they come in : Red Giraffes Kill Dog For Blood



5.7 I can describe how crude oil is separated

5.6 I can recall what crude oil is made from

a. Define the word hydrocarbon?	A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
b. Crude oil is made mixture of many hydrocarbon	crude oil is made of many hydrocarbon

c. What is crude oil made from?	bodies of tiny sea creatures and plants and plankton that died
d. How long does it take to make?	150 million years
e. Where does the energy originally come from?	the Sun
f. How is crude oil different from coal?	crude oil was formed from tiny animals and plants which lived in the sea, whereas choal came from trees and ferns that died and were buried beaneath the swamps
g. Crude oil, coal and natural gas are collectively known as _________ fuels	fossil
h. How is crude oil transported when it is extracted from the ground?	By  pipeline or oil tanker